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- Browne MJ, Mayer KH, Chafee SB, et al. 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex: a phase I trial. J Infect Dis. 1993;167:21-9.
[PubMed Abstract] - de Mendoza C, Ramos JT, Ciria L, et al. Efficacy and safety of stavudine plus didanosine in asymptomatic HIV-infected children with plasma HIV RNA below 50,000 copies per milliliter. HIV Clin Trials. 2002;3:9-16.
[PubMed Abstract] - Domingo P, Gutierrez Mdel M, Gallego-Escuredo JM, et al. Effects of switching from stavudine to raltegravir on subcutaneous adipose tissue in HIV-infected patients with HIV/HAART-associated lipodystrophy syndrome (HALS). A clinical and molecular study. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89088.
[PubMed Abstract] - Dubé MP, Komarow L, Mulligan K, et al. Long-term body fat outcomes in antiretroviral-naive participants randomized to nelfinavir or efavirenz or both plus dual nucleosides. Dual X-ray absorptiometry results from A5005s, a substudy of Adult Clinical Trials Group 384. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:508-14.
[PubMed Abstract] - Dubé MP, Parker RA, Tebas P, et al. Glucose metabolism, lipid, and body fat changes in antiretroviral-naive subjects randomized to nelfinavir or efavirenz plus dual nucleosides. AIDS. 2005;19:1807-18.
[PubMed Abstract] - Eron JJ Jr, Murphy RL, Peterson D, et al. A comparison of stavudine, didanosine and indinavir with zidovudine, lamivudine and indinavir for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infected individuals: selection of thymidine analog regimen therapy (START II). AIDS. 2000;14:1601-10.
[PubMed Abstract] - Fogel JM, Taha TE, Sun J, et al. Stavudine concentrations in women receiving postpartum antiretroviral treatment and their breastfeeding infants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60:462-5.
[PubMed Abstract] - Foudraine NA, de Jong JJ, Jan Weverling G, et al. An open randomized controlled trial of zidovudine plus lamivudine versus stavudine plus lamivudine. AIDS. 1998;12:1513-9.
[PubMed Abstract] - Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:191-201.
[PubMed Abstract] - Gandhi RT, Spritzler J, Chan E, et al. Effect of baseline- and treatment-related factors on immunologic recovery after initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-positive subjects: results from ACTG 384. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;42:426-34.
[PubMed Abstract] - Gerschenson M, Kim C, Berzins B, et al. Mitochondrial function, morphology and metabolic parameters improve after switching from stavudine to a tenofovir-containing regimen. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:1244-50.
[PubMed Abstract] - Gulick RM, Smeaton LM, D'Aquila RT, et al. Indinavir, nevirapine, stavudine, and lamivudine for human immunodeficiency virus-infected, amprenavir-experienced subjects: AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 373. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:715-21.
[PubMed Abstract] - Haubrich RH, Riddler SA, DiRienzo AG, et al. Metabolic outcomes in a randomized trial of nucleoside, nonnucleoside and protease inhibitor-sparing regimens for initial HIV treatment. AIDS. 2009;23:1109-18.
[PubMed Abstract] - Havlir DV, Tierney C, Friedland GH, et al. In vivo antagonism with zidovudine plus stavudine combination therapy. J Infect Dis. 2000;182:321-5.
[PubMed Abstract] - Hulgan T, Haubrich R, Riddler SA, et al. European mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and metabolic changes during antiretroviral therapy in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study A5142. AIDS. 2011;25:37-47.
[PubMed Abstract] - Ickovics JR, Cameron A, Zackin R, et al. Consequences and determinants of adherence to antiretroviral medication: results from Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 370. Antivir Ther. 2002;7:185-93.
[PubMed Abstract] - Jayaweera D, Dejesus E, Nguyen KL, Grimm K, Butcher D, Seekins DW. Virologic suppression, treatment adherence, and improved quality of life on a once-daily efavirenz-based regimen in treatment-Naïve HIV-1-infected patients over 96 weeks. HIV Clin Trials. 2009;10:375-84.
[PubMed Abstract] - John M, McKinnon EJ, James IR, et al. Randomized, controlled, 48-week study of switching stavudine and/or protease inhibitors to combivir/abacavir to prevent or reverse lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:29-33.
[PubMed Abstract] - Katzenstein DA, Hughes M, Albrecht M, et al. Virologic and CD4+ cell responses to new nucleoside regimens: switching to stavudine or adding lamivudine after prolonged zidovudine treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. ACTG 302 Study Team. AIDS Clinical Trials Group. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2000;16:1031-7.
[PubMed Abstract] - Katzenstein DA, Hughes MD, Albrecht M, et al. Virologic and CD4 cell response to zidovudine or zidovudine and lamivudine following didanosine treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2001;17:203-10.
[PubMed Abstract] - Kempf DJ, King MS, Bernstein B, et al. Incidence of resistance in a double-blind study comparing lopinavir/ritonavir plus stavudine and lamivudine to nelfinavir plus stavudine and lamivudine. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:51-60.
[PubMed Abstract] - King MS, Bernstein BM, Walmsley SL, et al. Baseline HIV-1 RNA level and CD4 cell count predict time to loss of virologic response to nelfinavir, but not lopinavir/ritonavir, in antiretroviral therapy-naive patients. J Infect Dis. 2004;190:280-4.
[PubMed Abstract] - Kline MW, Van Dyke RB, Lindsey JC, et al. Combination therapy with stavudine (d4T) plus didanosine (ddI) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 327 Team. Pediatrics. 1999;103:e62.
[PubMed Abstract] - Kuritzkes DR, Bassett RL, Hazelwood JD, et al. Rate of thymidine analogue resistance mutation accumulation with zidovudine- or stavudine-based regimens. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36:600-3.
[PubMed Abstract] - Kuritzkes DR, Bassett RL, Johnson VA, et al. Continued lamivudine versus delavirdine in combination with indinavir and zidovudine or stavudine in lamivudine-experienced patients: results of Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 370. AIDS. 2000;14:1553-61.
[PubMed Abstract] - Kuritzkes DR, Marschner I, Johnson VA, et al. Lamivudine in combination with zidovudine, stavudine, or didanosine in patients with HIV-1 infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 306 Investigators. AIDS. 1999;13:685-94.
[PubMed Abstract] - Lea AP, Faulds D. Stavudine: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and clinical potential in HIV infection. Drugs. 1996;51:846-64.
[PubMed Abstract] - Lenzo NP, Garas BA, French MA. Hepatic steatosis and lactic acidosis associated with stavudine treatment in an HIV patient: a case report. AIDS. 1997;11:1294-6.
[PubMed Abstract] - Lonergan JT, McComsey GA, Fisher RL, et al. Lack of Recurrence of hyperlactatemia in HIV-Infected patients switched from stavudine to abacavir or zidovudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;36:935-42.
[PubMed Abstract] - Madruga JR, Cassetti I, Suleiman JM, et al. The safety and efficacy of switching stavudine to tenofovir df in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz in hiv-1-infected patients: three-year follow-up after switching therapy. HIV Clin Trials. 2007;8:381-90.
[PubMed Abstract] - McComsey GA, O'Riordan M, Choi J, et al. Mitochondrial function, inflammation, fat and bone in HIV lipoatrophy: randomized study of uridine supplementation or switch to tenofovir. Antivir Ther. 2012;17:347-53.
[PubMed Abstract] - McComsey GA, Ward DJ, Hessenthaler SM, et al. Improvement in lipoatrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients switched from stavudine to abacavir or zidovudine: the results of the TARHEEL study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:263-70.
[PubMed Abstract] - Mulenga V, Musiime V, Kekitiinwa A, et al. Abacavir, zidovudine, or stavudine as paediatric tablets for African HIV-infected children (CHAPAS-3): an open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:169-79.
[PubMed Abstract] - Murphy RL, Brun S, Hicks C, et al. ABT-378/ritonavir plus stavudine and lamivudine for the treatment of antiretroviral-naive adults with HIV-1 infection: 48-week results. AIDS. 2001;15:F1-9.
[PubMed Abstract] - Nolan D, Mallal S. The role of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the fat redistribution syndrome. J HIV Ther. 2004;9:34-40.
[PubMed Abstract] - Podlekareva D, Grint D, Karpov I, et al. Changing utilization of Stavudine (d4T) in HIV-positive people in 2006-2013 in the EuroSIDA study. HIV Med. 2015;16:533-43.
[PubMed Abstract] - Podzamczer D, Ferrer E, Sanchez P, et al. Less lipoatrophy and better lipid profile with abacavir as compared to stavudine: 96-week results of a randomized study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;44:139-47.
[PubMed Abstract] - Pollard RB, Tierney C, Havlir D, et al. A phase II randomized study of the virologic and immunologic effect of zidovudine + stavudine versus stavudine alone and zidovudine + lamivudine in patients with >300 CD4 cells who were antiretroviral naive (ACTG 298). AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2002;18:699-704.
[PubMed Abstract] - Raffi F, Reliquet V, Ferré V, et al. The VIRGO study: nevirapine, didanosine and stavudine combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected adults. Antivir Ther. 2000;5:267-72.
[PubMed Abstract] - Rainey PM, Friedland G, McCance-Katz EF, Andrews L, Mitchell SM, Charles C, Jatlow P. Interaction of methadone with didanosine and stavudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000;24:241-8.
[PubMed Abstract] - Ribera E, Paradiñeiro JC, Curran A, et al. Improvements in subcutaneous fat, lipid profile, and parameters of mitochondrial toxicity in patients with peripheral lipoatrophy when stavudine is switched to tenofovir (LIPOTEST study). HIV Clin Trials. 2008;9:407-17.
[PubMed Abstract] - Riddler SA, Haubrich R, DiRienzo AG, et al. Class-sparing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2095-106.
[PubMed Abstract] - Robbins GK, De Gruttola V, Shafer RW, et al. Comparison of sequential three-drug regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2293-303.
[PubMed Abstract] - Ryom L, Lundgren JD, De Wit S, et al. Use of antiretroviral therapy and risk of end-stage liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV-positive persons. AIDS. 2016;30:1731-43.
[PubMed Abstract] - Saag MS, Cahn P, Raffi F, et al. Efficacy and safety of emtricitabine vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292:180-9.
[PubMed Abstract] - Sanne I, Piliero P, Squires K, Thiry A and Schnittman S. Results of a phase 2 clinical trial at 48 weeks (AI424-007): a dose-ranging, safety, and efficacy comparative trial of atazanavir at three doses in combination with didanosine and stavudine in antiretroviral-naive subjects. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;32:18-29.
[PubMed Abstract] - Shafer RW, Smeaton LM, Robbins GK, et al. Comparison of four-drug regimens and pairs of sequential three-drug regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2304-15.
[PubMed Abstract] - Sherman KE, Shire NJ, Cernohous P, et al. Liver injury and changes in hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA load associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy for treatment-naive HCV-HIV-coinfected patients: lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1186-95.
[PubMed Abstract] - Shlay JC, Sharma S, Peng G, Gibert CL, Grunfeld C. Long-term subcutaneous tissue changes among antiretroviral-naive persons initiating stavudine, zidovudine, or abacavir with lamivudine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;48:53-62.
[PubMed Abstract] - Shulman NS, Hughes MD, Winters MA, et al. Subtle decreases in stavudine phenotypic susceptibility predict poor virologic response to stavudine monotherapy in zidovudine-experienced patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2002;31:121-7.
[PubMed Abstract] - Shulman NS, Machekano RA, Shafer RW, et al. Genotypic correlates of a virologic response to stavudine after zidovudine monotherapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2001;27:377-80.
[PubMed Abstract] - Smith PF, Robbins GK, Shafer RW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive, human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects when administered alone or in combination with nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3558-61.
[PubMed Abstract] - Spruance SL, Pavia AT, Mellors JW, et al. Clinical efficacy of monotherapy with stavudine compared with zidovudine in HIV-infected, zidovudine-experienced patients. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Bristol-Myers Squibb Stavudine/019 Study Group. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:355-63.
[PubMed Abstract] - Squires KE, Gulick R, Tebas P, et al. A comparison of stavudine plus lamivudine versus zidovudine plus lamivudine in combination with indinavir in antiretroviral naive individuals with HIV infection: selection of thymidine analog regimen therapy (START I). AIDS. 2000;14:1591-600.
[PubMed Abstract] - Tang MW, Rhee SY, Bertagnolio S, et al. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations associated with first-line stavudine-containing antiretroviral therapy: programmatic implications for countries phasing out stavudine. J Infect Dis. 2013;207 Suppl 2:S70-7.
[PubMed Abstract] - van der Valk M, Kastelein JJ, Murphy RL, et al. Nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients results in an anti-atherogenic lipid profile. AIDS. 2001;15:2407-14.
[PubMed Abstract] - van Leeuwen R, Katlama C, Murphy RL, et al. A randomized trial to study first-line combination therapy with or without a protease inhibitor in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 2003;17:987-99.
[PubMed Abstract] - van Leth F, Phanuphak P, Ruxrungtham K, et al. Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomised open-label trial, the 2NN Study. Lancet. 2004;363(9417):1253-63.
[PubMed Abstract] - van Zoest RA, Wit FW, Kooij KW, et al. Higher Prevalence of Hypertension in HIV-1-Infected Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Is Associated With Changes in Body Composition and Prior Stavudine Exposure. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:205-13.
[PubMed Abstract] - Walmsley S, Bernstein B, King M, et al. Lopinavir-ritonavir versus nelfinavir for the initial treatment of HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:2039-46.
[PubMed Abstract] - Wooltorton E. HIV drug stavudine (Zerit, d4T) and symptoms mimicking Guillain-Barré syndrome. CMAJ. 2002;166:1067.
[PubMed Abstract]